The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

11100 Johns Hopkins Rd. Laurel MD 20723 US +1 443 778 7423 Edward.Birrane@jhuapl.edu

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

Emery.Annis@jhuapl.edu

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

brian.sipos+ietf@gmail.com

Transport Delay-Tolerant Networking DTN Network Management This document defines the structure, format, and features of the naming scheme for the objects defined in the Delay-Tolerant Networking Management Architecture (DTNMA) Application Management Model (AMM), in support of challenged network management solutions described in the DTNMA document. This document defines the DTNMA Application Resource Identifier (ARI), using a text-form based on the common Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and a binary-form based on Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR). These meet the needs for a concise, typed, parameterized, and hierarchically organized set of managed data elements.

Introduction The unique limitations of Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) transport capabilities necessitate increased reliance on individual node behavior. These limitations are considered part of the expected operational environment of the system and, thus, contemporaneous end-to-end data exchange cannot be considered a requirement for successful communication. The primary DTN transport mechanism, Bundle Protocol version 7 (BPv7) , standardizes a store-and-forward behavior required to communicate effectively between endpoints that may never co-exist in a single network partition. BPv7 might be deployed in static environments, but the design and operation of BPv7 cannot presume that to be the case. Similarly, the management of any BPv7 protocol agent (BPA) (or any software reliant upon DTN for its communication) cannot presume to operate in a resourced, connected network. Just as DTN transport must be delay-tolerant, DTN network management must also be delay-tolerant. The DTN Management Architecture (DTNMA) outlines an architecture that achieves this result through the self-management of a DTN node as configured by one or more remote managers in an asynchronous and open-loop system. An important part of this architecture is the definition of a conceptual data schema for defining resources configured by remote managers and implemented by the local autonomy of a DTN node. The DTNMA Application Management Model (AMM) defines a logical schema that can be used to represent data types and structures, autonomous controls, and other kinds of information expected to be required for the local management of a DTN node. The AMM further describes a physical data model, called the Application Data Model (ADM), that can be defined in the context of applications to create resources in accordance with the AMM schema. These named resources can be predefined in moderated publications or custom-defined as part of the Operational Data Model (ODM) of an agent. Every AMM resource must be uniquely identifiable. To accomplish this, an expressive naming scheme is required. The Application Resource Identifier (ARI) provides this naming scheme. This document defines the ARI, based on the structure of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), meeting the needs for a concise, typed, parameterized, and hierarchically organized naming convention.

Scope The ARI scheme is based on the structure of a URI in accordance with the practices outlined in . ARIs are designed to support the identification requirements of the AMM logical schema. As such, this specification will discuss these requirements to the extent necessary to explain the structure and use of the ARI syntax. This specification does not constrain the syntax or structure of any existing URI (or part thereof). As such, the ARI scheme does not impede the ownership of any other URI scheme and is therefore clear of the concerns presented in . This specification does not discuss the manner in which ARIs might be generated, populated, and used by applications. The operational utility and configuration of ARIs in a system are described in other documents associated with DTN management, to include the DTNMA and AMM specifications. This specification does not describe the way in which path prefixes associated with an ARI are standardized, moderated, or otherwise populated. Path suffixes may be specified where they do not lead to collision or ambiguity. This specification does not describe the mechanisms for generating either standardized or custom ARIs in the context of any given application, protocol, or network.

Use of ABNF This document defines text structure using the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) of . The entire ABNF structure can be extracted from the XML version of this document using the XPath expression: '//sourcecode[@type="abnf"]' The following initial fragment defines the top-level rules of this document's ABNF. start = ari From the document the definitions are taken for pchar, unreserved, pct-encoded, path-absolute, and path-noscheme. From the document the definitions are taken for date-time, full-date, and duration. From the document the definitions are taken for bit, hexdig, digit, and char-val.

Use of CDDL This document defines Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) structure using the Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) of . The entire CDDL structure can be extracted from the XML version of this document using the XPath expression: '//sourcecode[@type="cddl"]' The following initial fragment defines the top-level symbols of this document's CDDL, which includes the example CBOR content. start = ari ; Limited sizes to fit the AMM data model int32 = (int .lt 2147483648) .ge -2147483648 uint32 = uint .lt 4294967296 int64 = (int .lt 9223372036854775808) .ge -9223372036854775808 uint64 = uint .lt 18446744073709551616 This document does not rely on any CDDL symbol names from other documents.

Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. Additionally, the following terms are used in this document:

Agent:

An entity being managed in the DTNMA as defined in . It is expected to be accessible by its Managers over a DTN.

Manager:

An entity managing others in the DTNMA as defined in . It is expected to be accessible by its Agents over a DTN.

Application Data Model (ADM):

Definitions of pre-planned objects being managed on remote agents across challenged networks. An ADM is versioned, but a single version of an ADM cannot change over time once it is registered. This is similar in function to an SMI MIB or an YANG module.

Operational Data Model (ODM):

The operational configuration of an Agent, exclusive of the pre-planned objects defined by ADMs. These objects are dynamic configuration applied at runtime, either by Managers in the network or by autonomy on the Agent.

Application Resource Identifier (ARI):

An identifier for any ADM or ODM managed object, as well as ad-hoc managed objects and literal values. ARIs are syntactically conformant to the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) syntax documented in and using the scheme name "ari". This is similar in function to an SMI OID or an YANG XPath expression along with parameters.

Namespace

A moderated, hierarchical taxonomy of namespaces that describe a set of ADM scopes. Specifically, an individual ADM namespace is a specific sequence of ADM namespaces, from most general to most specific, that uniquely and unambiguously identify the namespace of a particular ADM.

ARI Purpose ADM resources are referenced in the context of autonomous applications on an agent. The naming scheme of these resources must support certain features to inform DTNMA processing in accordance with the ADM logical schema. This section defines the set of unique characteristics of the ARI scheme, the combination of which provides a unique utility for naming. While certain other naming schemes might incorporate certain elements, there are no such schemes that both support needed features and exclude prohibited features.

Resource Parameterization The ADM schema allows for the parameterization of resources to both reduce the overall data volume communicated between DTN nodes and to remove the need for any round-trip data negotiation. Parameterization reduces the communicated data volume when parameters are used as filter criteria. By associating a parameter with a data source, data characteristic, or other differentiating attribute, DTN nodes can locally process parameters to construct the minimal set of information to either process for local autonomy or report to remote managers in the network. Parameterization eliminates the need for round-trip negotiation to identify where information is located or how it should be accessed. When parameters define the ability to perform an associative lookup of a value, the index or location of the data at a particular DTN node can be resolved locally as part of the local autonomy of the node and not communicated back to a remote manager.

Compressible Structure The ability to encode information in very concise formats enables DTN communications in a variety of ways. Reduced message sizes increase the likelihood of message delivery, require fewer processing resources to secure, store, and forward, and require less resources to transmit. While the encoding of an ARI is outside of the scope of this document, the structure of portions of the ARI syntax lend themselves to better compressibility. For example, DTN ADM encodings support the ability to identify resources in as few as 3 bytes by exploiting the compressible structure of the ARI. The ARI syntax supports three design elements to aid in the creation of more concise encodings: enumerated forms of path segments, relative paths, and patterning.

Enumerated Path Segments Because the ARI structure includes paths segments with stable enumerated values, each segment can be represented by either its text name or its integer enumeration. For human-readability in text form the text name is preferred, but for binary encoding and for comparisons the integer form is preferred. It is a translation done by the entity handling an ARI to switch between preferred representations (see ); the data model of both forms of the ARI allows for either.

Relative Paths Relative object paths and resolving are TBD. A simple method is to always use the object-containing namespace as a base URI for resolving URI References.

Patterning Patterning in this context refers to the structuring of ARI information to allow for meaning data selection as a function of wildcards, regular expressions, and other expressions of a pattern. Patterns allow for both better compression and fewer ARI representations by allowing a single ARI pattern to stand-in for a variety of actual ARIs. This benefit is best achieved when the structure of the ARI is both expressive enough to include information that is useful to pattern match, and regular enough to understand how to create these patterns.

ARI Logical Structure This section describes the components of the ARI scheme to inform the discussion of the ARI syntax in . At the top-level, an ARI is one of two classes: literal or object reference. Each of these classes is defined in the following subsections.

Names, Enumerations, Comparisons, and Canonicalizations Within the ARI logical model, there are a number of domains in which items are identified by a combination of text name and integer enumeration: ADMs, ODMs, literal types, object types, and objects. In all cases, within a single domain the text name and integer enumeration SHALL NOT be considered comparable. It is an explicit activity by any entity processing ARIs to make the translation between text name and integer enumeration (see ). Text names SHALL be restricted to begin with an alphabetic character followed by any number of other characters, as defined in the id-text ABNF symbol. This excludes a large class of characters, including non-printing characters. When represented in text form, the text name for ODMs is prefixed with a "!" character to disambiguate it from an ADM name (see ). For text names, comparison and uniqueness SHALL be based on case-insensitive logic. The canonical form of text names SHALL be the lower case representation. Integer enumerations for ADMs and ODMs SHALL be restricted to a magnitude less than 2**63 to allow them to fit within a signed 64-bit storage. The ADM registration in reserves high-valued code points for private and experimental ADMs, while the entire domain of ODM code points (negative integers) is considered private use. Integer enumerations for literal types and object types SHALL be restricted to a magnitude less than 2**31 to allow them to fit within a signed 32-bit storage. The registrations in and respectively Integer enumerations for objects (within an ADM or ODM) SHALL be restricted to a magnitude less than 2**31 to allow them to fit within a signed 32-bit storage, although negative-value object enumerations are disallowed. For integer enumerations, comparison and uniqueness SHALL be based on numeric values not on encoded forms. The canonical form of integer enumerations in text form SHALL be the shortest length decimal representation.

Literals Literals represent a special class of ARI which are not associated with any particular ADM or ODM. A literal has no other name other than its value, but literals may be explicitly typed in order to force the receiver to handle it in a specific way. Because literals will be based on the CBOR data model and its extended diagnostic notation, a literal has an intrinsic representable data type as well as an AMM data type. The CBOR primitive types are named CDDL symbols as defined in . When converting from AMM literal types, the chosen CBOR type SHALL be determined by the mapping in . Additionally, when handling typed literal ARIs any combination of AMM literal type and CBOR primitive type not in SHALL be considered invalid. This restriction is enforced by the CDDL defined in . Additionally, when handling a literal of AMM type CBOR the well-formed-ness of the CBOR contained SHOULD be verified before the literal is treated as valid. AMM Literal Types to CBOR Types

AMM Literal Type	Used CBOR Type
NULL	null
BOOL	bool
BYTE	uint
INT	int
UINT	uint
VAST	int
UVAST	uint
REAL32	float
REAL64	float
TEXTSTR	tstr
BYTESTR	bstr
Non-primitive types
TP	lit-time
TD	lit-time
LABEL	lit-label
CBOR	lit-cbor
Containers
AC	ari-collection
AM	ari-map
TBL	ari-tbl
EXECSET	exec-set
RPTSET	rpt-set

When interpreting an untyped literal ARI, the implied AMM literal type SHALL be determined by the mapping in . Literal Implied and Allowed Types

CBOR Primitive Type	Implied AMM Literal Type
undefined	no type
null	NULL
bool	BOOL
uint	Smallest of BYTE, UINT, or UVAST to hold the value
nint	Smallest of INT, or VAST to hold the value
float16, float32	FLOAT32
float64	FLOAT64
bstr	BYTESTR
tstr	TEXTSTR

Object References Object references are composed of two parts: object identity and optional parameters. The object identity can be dereferenced to a specific object in the ADM/ODM, while the parameters provide additional information for certain types of object and only when allowed by the parameter "signature" from the ADM/ODM. The object identity itself contains the components, described in the following subsections: namespace, object type, and object name. When encoded in text form (see ), the identity components correspond to the URI path segments.

Namespace ID ADM resources exist within namespaces to eliminate the possibility of a conflicting resource name, aid in the application of patterns, and improve the compressibility of the ARI. Namespaces SHALL NOT be used as a security mechanism to manage access. An Agent or Manager SHALL NOT infer security information or access control based solely on namespace information in an ARI. Namespaces have two possible forms; one more human-friendly and one more compressible:

Text form:

This form corresponds with a human-readable identifier for either an ADM or a ODM namespace. The text form is not compressible and needs to be converted to a numeric namespace based on a local registry. A text form namespace SHALL contain only URI path segment characters representing valid UTF-8 text in accordance with .

Numeric form:

This form corresponds with a compressible value suitable for on-the-wire encoding between Manager and Agent. Sorting and matching numeric namespaces is also faster than text form. A numeric form namespaces SHALL be small enough to be represented as a 64-bit signed integer.

Independent to the form of the namespace is the issuer of the namespace, which is one of:

ADM namespace:

When a namespace is associated with an ADM, its text form SHALL begin with an alphabetic character and its numeric form SHALL be a positive integer. All ADM namespaces are universally unique and, except for private or experimental use, SHOULD be registered with IANA (see ).

ODM namespace:

When a namespace is not associated with an ADM, its text form SHALL begin with a bang character "!" and its numeric form SHALL be a negative integer. These namespaces do not have universal registration and SHALL be considered to be private use. It is expected that runtime ODM namespaces will be allocated and managed per-user and per-mission.

Object Type Due to the flat structure of an ADM, as defined in , all managed objects are of a specific and unchanging type from a set of available managed object types. The preferred form for object types in text ARIs is the text name, while in binary form it is the integer enumeration (see ). The following subsection explains the form of those object identifiers.

Object ID An object is any one of a number of data elements defined for the management of a given application or protocol that conforms to the ADM logical schema. Within a single ADM or runtime namespace and a single object type, all managed objects have similar characteristics and all objects are identified by a single text name or integer enumeration. The preferred form for object names in text ARIs is the text name, while in binary form it is the integer enumeration. Any ADM-defined object will have both name and enumeration, while a runtime-defined object can have either but not both. Conversion between the two forms requires access to the original ADM, and its specific revision, in which the object was defined. A text form object name SHALL contain only URI path segment characters representing valid UTF-8 text in accordance with .

Parameters The ADM logical schema allows many object types to be parameterized when defined in the context of an application or a protocol. If two instances of an ADM resource have the same namespace and same object type and object name but have different parameter values, then those instances are unique and the ARIs for those instances MUST also be unique. Therefore, parameters are considered part of the ARI syntax. The ADM logical schema defines specialized uses for the term "parameter" to disambiguate each purpose, as defined below.

Formal Parameters:

Formal parameters define the type, name, and order of the information that customizes an ARI. They represent the unchanging "signature" of the parameterized object. Because ARIs represent a use of an object and not its definition, formal parameters are not present in an ARI and instead are part of an object model.

Given Parameters:

Given parameters represent the data values used to distinguish different instances of a parameterized object. A given parameter is an AMM value and is represented by an ARI within the context of a parameter list (AC) or parameter map (AM). Because of necessary normalizing (of type and default value) based on formal parameters, multiple given parameters can correspond with the same meaning (see Actual Parameters below). Additionally, there are two ways in which the value of a given parameter can be specified: parameter-by-value and parameter-by-name.

Parameter-By-Value:

This method involves directly supplying the value as part of the actual parameter. It is the default method for supplying values.

Parameter-By-Name:

This method involves specifying the name of an other parameter and using that other parameter's value as a substitute for the value of this parameter. This method is useful when a parameterized ARI is produced by an AMM object which itself is parameterized. The original ARI parameters contain literal ARIs with LABEL type, and when the value is produced based on input parameters the substitution is made. In this way, an actual parameter can be "flowed down" to produced values at runtime.

Actual Parameters:

Actual parameters represent a normalized set of values taken from a set of given parameters and normalized using a set of corresponding formal parameters. An actual parameter is an AMM value and is represented by an ARI. Because normalizing can cause a given parameter to change type (in order to conform to a formal parameter type) or take on a default value (when not present in the given parameters), a single set of actual parameters can correspond with multiple options for given parameters.

ARI Text Form This section defines how the data model explained in is encoded as text conforming to the URI syntax of . The most straightforward text form of ARI uses an explicit scheme and an absolute path (starting with an initial slash "/"), which requires no additional context to interpret its structure. When used within the context of a base ARI, the URI Reference form of can be used. In all other cases an ARI must be an absolute-path form and contain a scheme. While this text description is normative, the ABNF schema in this section provides a more explicit and machine-parsable text schema. The scheme name of the ARI is "ari" and the scheme-specific part of the ARI follows one of the two forms corresponding to the literal-value ARI and the object-reference ARI. ari = [ARIPREFIX] ari-ssp ari-ssp = lit-ssp-struct / objref-ssp-struct ; restricted to only literals as a subset of "ari" symbol lit-ari = [ARIPREFIX] lit-ssp-struct ARIPREFIX = "ari:"

URIs and Percent Encoding Due to the intrinsic structure of the URI, on which the text form of ARI is based, there are limitations on the syntax available to the scheme-specific-part . One of these limitations is that each path segment can contain only characters in the pchar ABNF symbol defined in . For most parts of the ARI this restriction is upheld by the values themselves: ADM/ODM names, literal and object type names, and object names have a limited character set all within the symbol val-seg. For literals and nested parameters though, the percent encoding of is needed. The following symbol val-seg is an allowed superset of all identifiers ; A subset of RFC 3986 segment-nz and pchar symbols which matches all ; identifiers, primitive values, and typed-literal values val-seg = 1*( unreserved / pct-encoded / val-delims) val-delims = "!" / "'" / "*" / "+" / ":" / "@" ; A text name must start with an alphabetic character or underscore id-text = (ALPHA / "_") *(ALPHA / DIGIT / "_" / "-" / ".") ; An integer enumeration must contain only digits id-num = 1*DIGIT In the ARI text examples in this document the URIs have been percent-decoded for clarity, as might be done in an ARI display and editing tool. But the actual encoded form of the human-friendly ARI ari:"text" is ari:%22text%22. Outside of literals, the safe characters which are not be percent-encoded are the structural delimiters /()=;, used for parameters and ARI collections. One other aspect of convenience for human editing of text-form ARIs is linear white space. The current ABNF pattern, staying within the URI pattern, do not allow for whitespace to separate list items or otherwise. A human editing an ARI could find it convenient to include whitespace following commas between list items, or to separate large lists across lines. Any tool that allows this kind of convenience of editing SHALL collapse any white space within a single ARI before encoding its contents.

Literals Based on the structure of , the text form of the literal ARI contains only a URI path with an optional AMM literal type. A literal has no concept of a namespace or context, so the path is always absolute. When the path has two segments, the first is the AMM literal type and the second is the encoded literal value. When the path has a single segment it is the encoded literal value. As a shortcut, an ARI with only a single path segment is necessarily an untyped literal so the leading slash is elided. The text form of literal ARI has two layers of coding: the URI path structure and the type-specific value coding. These are distinguished below in the ABNF by the lit-ssp-struct symbol being for the general path structure and type-specific coding defined in . lit-ssp-struct = lit-container / lit-typeval-struct / lit-notype-struct ; More complex text (still in the "val-seg" character set) for ; non-primitive values lit-typeval-struct = "/" lit-type "/" val-seg ; Type is restricted to valid AMM literal types lit-type = id-text / id-num ; These use different symbols than lit-typeval-struct because of recursion lit-container = lit-ac / lit-am / lit-tbl / lit-execset / lit-rptset lit-ac = "/" ("AC" / "17") "/" ari-collection lit-am = "/" ("AM" / "18") "/" ari-map lit-tbl = "/" ("TBL" / "19") "/" ari-tbl lit-execset = "/" ("EXECSET" / "20") "/" exec-set lit-rptset = "/" ("RPTSET" / "21") "/" rpt-set ; The untyped value is a subset of the "lit-notype" symbol lit-notype-struct = val-seg

Typed Literal Values The definition in this section is a specialization of the lit-typeval-struct structure for specific literal types. An ARI encoder or decoder SHALL handle both text name and integer enumeration forms of the lit-type symbol. When present and able to be looked up, the literal type SHOULD be a text name. The text form of typed values SHALL be one of the following, based on the associated lit-type value in the ARI:

NULL:

This type contains only the single the fixed value "null". null = "null"

BOOL:

This type contains the two fixed values "true" and "false". bool = "true" / "false"

BYTE, INT, UINT, VAST, or UVAST:

The integer types, signed or unsigned, match the following integer ABNF symbol: integer = int-dec / int-bin / int-hex int-dec = optsign 1*DIGIT int-bin = optsign "0b" 1*BIT int-hex = optsign "0x" 1*(HEXDIG HEXDIG) optsign = ["+" / "-"]

REAL32 or REAL64:

The floating-point types match the following float ABNF symbol, which includes a specialized text form that avoids decimal or exponential conversion of the underlying value. The raw floating point text form SHALL be the prefix "0fx" followed by the hexadecimal encoding of the network-byte-order binary encoding in accordance with for binary16, binary32, or binary64 values. float = float-exp / float-dec / float-raw float-exp = optsign 1*DIGIT ["." 1*DIGIT] "e" optsign 1*DIGIT float-dec = optsign 1*DIGIT "." 1*DIGIT ; Custom encoding of IEEE-754 binary content ; The hex data will really only be 2, 4, or 8 bytes float-raw = optsign "0fx" *(HEXDIG HEXDIG)

TEXTSTR:

The text string type matches the following tstr ABNF symbol after percent-decoding, which is consistent with the CBOR Diagnostic Notation definition. As an alternative, if the text value matches the id-text character set it can be encoded directly without quoting. ; double-quoted and escaped text tstr = tstr-quoted / id-text tstr-quoted = DQUOTE *(%x20-21 / %x23-7E) DQUOTE

BYTESTR:

The byte string type matches the following bstr ABNF symbol after percent-decoding, which is consistent with the CBOR Diagnostic Notation definition. All non-raw byte strings are encoded in accordance with . bstr = bstr-raw / bstr-b16 / bstr-b64 bstr-raw = SQUOTE *(%x20-21 / %x23-7E) SQUOTE bstr-b16 = "h" SQUOTE 1*(HEXDIG HEXDIG) SQUOTE bstr-b32 = "b32" SQUOTE 1*(ALPHA / %x32-37) *EQ SQUOTE bstr-b64 = "b64" SQUOTE 1*(ALPHA / DIGIT / "+" / "/") *EQ SQUOTE SQUOTE = "'" EQ = "="

TP:

This type uses either the date-time ABNF symbol of always in the "Z" time-offset, or as a numeric representation of the relative time from the DTN epoch. This text is unquoted and, to avoid percent encoding, this text form MAY omit the separator characters "-" and ":". tp-val = date-time / float / integer

TD:

This type uses either the duration ABNF symbol of with a positive or negative sign prefix, or as a numeric representation of the relative time value. This text is unquoted and due to the constraints on the value need not be percent encoded. td-val = duration / float / integer

LABEL:

This type uses the id-text ABNF symbol from this document. This text is unquoted and due to the constraints on the value need not be percent encoded.

CBOR:

This type uses the following emb-cbor ABNF symbol for its value. The first encoding choice uses the percent encoded form of CBOR extended diagnostic notation of . The second encoding is the raw byte string of the embedded CBOR. emb-cbor = cbor-diag / bstr cbor-diag = "<<" *(%x20-3B / %x3D / %x3F-7E) ">>"

AC:

This type uses the following ari-collection ABNF symbol for its value. Each item of the collection is an already-percent-encoded text-form ARI. ; A comma-separated list of any form of ARI with enclosure ari-collection = "(" ari *("," ari) ")"

AM:

This type uses the following ari-map ABNF symbol for its value. Each key of the map is an already-percent-encoded text-form literal-value ARI. Each value of the map is an already-percent-encoded text-form ARI. ; A comma-separate list of pairs, each delimited by equal-sign ; with literal-only keys ari-map = "(" ari-map-pair *("," ari-map-pair) ")" ari-map-pair = lit-notype "=" ari

TBL:

This type uses the following ari-tbl ABNF symbol for its value. The value is prefixed by the number of columns in the table, followed by an AC representing each separate row in the table. Each item of the table is an already-percent-encoded text-form ARI. ari-tbl = "c=" *DIGIT ";" *ari-collection

EXECSET:

This type uses the following exec-set ABNF symbol for its value. The value is prefixed by the optional nonce value for the associated execution(s), followed by an AC representing each item to be executed (either a CTRL reference, MAC-producing reference, or MAC value). Each item of the targets is an already-percent-encoded text-form ARI. exec-set = "n=" exec-nonce ";" exec-targets exec-nonce = null / integer / bstr exec-targets = ari-collection

RPTSET:

This type uses the following rpt-set ABNF symbol for its value. The value consists of the optional nonce value for the associated execution(s), a reference absolute time for all contained reports, and the list of contained reports. Each contained report consists of a relative creation time for the report (relative to the RPTSET reference time), a reference to the source of the report, and an AC representing each item in the report. Each item of a report is an already-percent-encoded text-form ARI, as is the source reference. The nonce and timestamps are untyped values. rpt-set = "n=" exec-nonce ";r=" tp-val ";" *rpt-container rpt-container = "(t=" td-val ";s=" ari ";" rpt-items ")" rpt-items = ari-collection

Some examples of typed literal values are below. The represented values for TP, TD, and CBOR types are the same just with different text representations. ari:/BOOL/true ari:/UINT/10 ari:/VAST/10 ari:/LABEL/name ari:/TP/20230102T030405Z ari:/TP/2023-01-02T03:04:05Z ari:/TP/725943845 ari:/TD/+PT1H ari:/TD/3600 ari:/CBOR/h'0a' ari:/CBOR/%3C%3C10%3E%3E These are typed container values with text form for AC and AM lists, here not percent-encoded: ari:/AC/(1,2,3) ari:/AM/(1=2,2=4,3=9) ari:/TBL/c=3;(1,true,%22A%22)(2,false,%22B%22)

Untyped Literal Values The definition in this section is a specialization of the lit-notype-struct structure for specific primitive types. When untyped, the literal value SHALL be one of the primitive types named by the lit-notype ABNF symbol below. The separate value encodings use symbols from . lit-notype = undefined / null / bool / float / integer / tstr / bstr ; the undefined value is only valid as an untyped literal undefined = "undefined" Some example of the forms for a literals are below. These first are untyped literal values: ari:undefined ari:true ari:10 ari:%27bytes%27 ari:h%276869%27 ari:%22text%22

Preferred Encodings Several of the literal types defined in allow the same AMM value to be represented by multiple logically equivalent encodings. Because these encodings are not equivalent in represented text size or processing needs it is useful for an ARI processor to allow a user to determine preferred encodings when processing text-form ARIs.

Integer values:

These options correspond to the BYTE, INT, UINT, VAST, and UVAST types and untyped int values. These values can be encoded as either base-2, base-10, or base-16. In uses which are more resource constrained and less human-facing a processor MAY encode integers only in base-16.

Floating point values:

These options correspond to the REAL32 and REAL64 types and untyped float values. These values can be encoded as either dotted-decimal, exponential, or hex-encoded raw bytes. In uses which are more resource constrained and less human-facing a processor MAY encode floats only as raw bytes.

Byte string values:

These options correspond to the BYTESTR type and untyped bstr values. These values can be encoded as either raw bytes, base-16, base-32, or base-64. In uses which are more resource constrained and less human-facing a processor MAY encode byte strings only as base-16.

Time values:

These options correspond to the TP and TD types. These values can be encoded as either delimited text, non-delimited text, or decimal numbers. In uses which are more resource constrained and less human-facing a processor MAY encode time values only as decimal numbers.

Embedded CBOR values:

These options correspond to the CBOR type. These values can be encoded as either CBOR Diagnostic Notation or as a byte string. In uses which are more resource constrained and less human-facing a processor MAY encode CBOR values only as byte strings.

Object References Based on the structure of , the text form of the object reference ARI contains a URI with three path segments corresponding to the namespace-id, object-type, and object-id. Those three segments (excluding parameters as defined below) are referred to as the object identity. An ARI encoder or decoder SHALL handle both text name and integer enumeration forms of the namespace-id, object-type, and object-id. The final segment containing the object-id MAY contain parameters enclosed by parentheses "(" and ")". There is no semantic distinction between the absence of parameters and the empty parameter list. The contents of the parameters SHALL be interpreted as a literal AC or AM in accordance with . The parameters as a whole SHALL be the percent encoded form of the constituent ARIs, excluding the structural delimiters /(),=. Implementations are advised to be careful about the percent encoded vs. decoded cases of each of the nested ARIs within parameters to avoid duplicate encoding or decoding. It is recommended to dissect the parameters and ARI collections in their encoded form first, and then to dissect and percent decode each separately and recursively. ari:/adm-a/EDD/someobj ari:/adm-a/CTRL/otherobj(true,3) ari:/adm-a/CTRL/otherobj(%22a%20param%22,/UINT/10) ari:/41/-1/0 The object-reference ARI has a corresponding ABNF definition of: objref-ssp-struct = (obj-ident / obj-ident) [paramlist] ; The object identity can be used separately than parameters obj-ident = ("/" ns-id / ".") "/" obj-type "/" obj-id ; Parameters are either AC or AM paramlist = ari-collection / ari-map ns-id = ns-adm / ns-odm ns-adm = id-text ["@" full-date] / id-num ns-odm = ("!" id-text) / ("-" id-num) ; Type is restricted to valid AMM object types obj-type = id-text / ("-" id-num) obj-id = id-text / id-num

URI References The text form of ARI can contain a URI Reference, as defined in , which can only be resolved using a base URI using the algorithm defined in . When resolving nested ARI content, the base URI of any interior resolution is the next-outer ARI in the nested structure. The outermost ARI SHALL NOT be a URI Reference because it will have no base URI to resolve with. Because a relative-path ARI with no path separators is considered to be an untyped literal, an ARI reference SHALL contain at least one path separator. For the case where the ARI reference is to a sibling object from the base URI the relative path SHOULD be of the form "./" to include the path separator. When resolving nested ARI content, the parameters of the URI reference SHALL be preserved in the resolved ARI. This behavior is equivalent to the query parameter portion when resolving a generic URI reference. ; Relative ARI must be resolved before interpreting relative-ari = path-nonempty [paramlist] ; Non-empty absolute or relative path path-nonempty = path-absolute / path-noscheme

ARI Binary Form This section defines how the data model explained in is encoded as a binary sequence conforming to the CBOR syntax of . Within this section the term "item" is used to mean the CBOR-decoded data item which follows the logical model of CDDL . The binary form of the URI is intended to be used for machine-to-machine interchange so it is missing some of the human-friendly shortcut features of the ARI text form from . It still follows the same logical data model so it has a one-for-one representation of all of the styles of text-form ARI. A new CBOR tag TBD999999 has been registered to indicate that an outer CBOR item is a binary-form ARI. This is similar in both syntax and semantics to the "ari" URI scheme in that for a nested ARI structure, only the outer-most ARI need be tagged. The inner ARIs are necessarily interpreted as such based on the nested ARI schema of this section. While this text description is normative, the CDDL schema in this section provides a more explicit and machine-parsable binary schema. ; An ARI can be tagged if helpful ari = ari-notag / #6.999999(ari-notag) ari-notag = lit-ari / objref-ari

Intermediate CBOR The CBOR item form is used as an intermediate encoding between the ARI data and the ultimate binary encoding. When decoding a binary form ARI, the CBOR must be both "well-formed" according to and "valid" according to the CDDL model of this specification. Implementations are encouraged, but not required, to use a streaming form of CBOR encoder/decoder to reduce memory consumption of an ARI handler. For simple implementations or diagnostic purposes, a two stage conversion between ARI--CBOR and CBOR--binary can be more easily understood and tested.

Literals Based on the structure of , the binary form of the literal ARI contains a data item along with an optional AMM literal type identifier. In order to keep the encoding as short as possible, the untyped literal is encoded as the simple value itself. Because the typed literal and the object-reference forms uses CBOR array framing, this framing is used to disambiguate from the pure-value encoding of the lit-notype CDDL symbol. When present, the literal type SHALL be an integer enumeration. When typed, the decoded literal value SHALL be a valid CBOR item conforming to the AMM literal type definition of the $lit-typeval CDDL socket. When untyped, the decoded literal value SHALL be one of the primitive types named by the lit-notype CDDL symbol. lit-ari = lit-typeval / lit-notype ; undefined value is only allowed as non-typed literal lit-notype = undefined / null / bool / int / float / tstr / bstr lit-typeval = $lit-typeval .within lit-typeval-struct lit-typeval-struct = [ lit-type: lit-type-id, lit-value: any ] lit-type-id = (int32 .ge 0) ; IANA-assigned literal types $lit-typeval /= [0, null] $lit-typeval /= [1, bool] $lit-typeval /= [2, uint .size 1] ; 1-byte $lit-typeval /= [4, int32] ; 4-byte $lit-typeval /= [5, uint32] ; 4-byte $lit-typeval /= [6, int64] ; 8-byte $lit-typeval /= [7, uint64] ; 8-byte $lit-typeval /= [8, float16 / float32] $lit-typeval /= [9, float16 / float32 / float64] $lit-typeval /= [10, tstr] $lit-typeval /= [11, bstr] ; Absolute timestamp as seconds from DTN Time epoch $lit-typeval /= [12, lit-time] ; Relative time interval as seconds $lit-typeval /= [13, lit-time] lit-time = int / time-fraction ; Same structure as tag #4 "decimal fraction" but limited in domain time-fraction = [ exp: (-9 .. 9) .within int, mantissa: int, ] ; Parameter label $lit-typeval /= [14, lit-label] lit-label = tstr .regexp "[A-Za-z].*" ; Embedded CBOR item $lit-typeval /= [15, lit-cbor] lit-cbor = bstr .cbor any ; Literal type ID value $lit-typeval /= [16, lit-type-id] ; Ordered list of ARIs $lit-typeval /= [17, ari-collection] ari-collection = [*ari-notag] ; Map from untyped literal to ARI $lit-typeval /= [18, ari-map] ari-map-key = lit-notype ari-map = {*ari-map-key => ari-notag} ; Table of ARIs $lit-typeval /= [19, ari-tbl] ari-tbl = [ ncol: uint, ; Number of columns in the table *tbl-row ; All rows are concatenated in the single array ] tbl-row = (*ari-notag) ; Execution-Set $lit-typeval /= [19, exec-set] exec-set = [ nonce, exec-targets, ] nonce = bstr / uint / null exec-targets = (*objref-ari) ; Reporting-Set $lit-typeval /= [20, rpt-set] rpt-set = [ nonce, ref-time: lit-time, ; Interpreted as a TP absolute time *rpt-container ] rpt-container = [ rel-time: lit-time ; Interpreted as a TD relative to ref-time source: objref-ari, rpt-items ] rpt-items = (*ari-notag) Some example of the forms for a literal are below. These first are untyped primitive values: true "text" 10 And these are typed values: [4, 10] [15, <<10>>] The literal-value ARI has a corresponding CDDL definition of:

Object References Based on the structure of , the binary form of the object reference ARI is a CBOR-encoded item. An ARI SHALL be encoded as a CBOR array with at least three items corresponding to the namespace-id, object-type, and object-id. Those three items are referred to as the object identity. The optional fourth item of the array is the parameter list. The namespace-id SHALL be present only as an integer enumeration. The object-type SHALL be present only as an integer enumeration. The object-id SHALL be present as either a text name or an integer enumeration. The processing of text name object identity components by an Agent is optional and SHALL be communicated to any associated Manager prior to encoding any ARIs for that Agent. When present, the parameters SHALL be either the ari-collection or ari-map structure. In other words, just the value-portion of the AC or AM typed literal because no other disambiguation needs to be made for the parameter type. An example object reference without parameters is: [41, -1, 0] Another example object reference with parameters is: [41, -2, 3, ["a param", [4, 10]]] The object-reference ARI has a corresponding CDDL definition of: ; Type-agnostic structure of object-reference objref-ari = $objref-ari .within objref-ari-struct objref-ari-struct = [ obj-ident<obj-type-id>, ?params: ari-collection / ari-map ] ; Identity of a single object obj-ident<obj-type> = ( ns-id, obj-type, obj-id, ) ; The null-value namespace means relative to a context ADM/ODM ns-id = int64 / null obj-type-id = (int32 .lt 0) obj-id = (int32 .ge 0) / tstr ; Generic usable for restricting objref-ari by type objref-type<obj-type> = [ obj-ident<obj-type>, ?params: ari-collection / ari-map ] ; IANA-assigned object types CONST = -2 $objref-ari /= objref-type<CONST> CTRL = -3 $objref-ari /= objref-type<CTRL> EDD = -4 $objref-ari /= objref-type<EDD> OPER = -6 $objref-ari /= objref-type<OPER> SBR = -8 $objref-ari /= objref-type<SBR> TBR = -10 $objref-ari /= objref-type<TBR> VAR = -11 $objref-ari /= objref-type<VAR> TYPEDEF = -12 $objref-ari /= objref-type<TYPEDEF>

URI References The binary form of ARI does not provide the ability to encode a URI Reference. When a text-form ARI contains a relative path, it must be fully resolved before it can be translated to a binary-form ARI.

ARI Patterns Because the ARI logical structure uses path segments to delimit the components of the absolute path, and due to the restrictions of the ARI path segment content, it is possible for URI reserved characters to be able to provide wildcard-type patterns. Although the form is similar, an ARI Pattern is not itself an ARI and they cannot be used interchangeably. The context used to interpret and match an ARI Pattern SHALL be explicit and separate from that used to interpret and dereference an ARI. While an ARI is used to dereference to a specific managed object and invoke behavior on that object, an ARI Pattern is used solely to perform matching logic against text-form ARIs. The ARI Pattern SHALL NOT ever take the form of a URI Reference; only as an absolute URI. An ARI Pattern SHALL NOT ever contain parameters, only identity. An ARI Pattern has no optional path segments. When used as a literal ARI pattern the path SHALL have two segments. When used as an object-reference ARI pattern the path SHALL have three segments. The single-wildcard is the only defined segment pattern and a segment can either be a real ID or a single wildcard. Because an ARI Pattern is just used to match text-form ARIs it has no specific restrictions on enumerated segment text the way a valid ARI does. The ABNF for the ARI Pattern is given here: ari-pat = "ari:" ari-pat-ssp ari-pat-ssp = ari-pat-literal / ari-pat-objref ari-pat-literal = "/" id-pat "/" id-pat ari-pat-objref = "/" id-pat "/" id-pat "/" id-pat ; The non-wildcard symbol is the same as ARI syntax id-pat = wildcard / (*pchar) wildcard = "*"

ARI Matching An ARI Pattern SHALL be considered to match an ARI when, after removing the ARI's parameters, each component of the ARI Pattern matches the corresponding ARI path component. Each pattern component SHALL be considered to match according to the following rules:

Specific value:

The pattern component SHALL be compared with the ARI component after both are percent-decoded in accordance with and UTF-8 decoded in accordance with .

Single-segment wildcard:

The pattern component SHALL be considered to match with any ARI component, if present, including an empty component.

Transcoding Considerations When translating literal types into text form and code point lookup tables are available, the literal type SHOULD be converted to its text name. When translating literal types from text form and code point lookup tables are available, the literal type SHOULD be converted from its text name. The conversion between AMM literal type name and enumeration requires a lookup table based on the registrations in . When translating literal values into text form, it is necessary to canonicalize the CBOR extended diagnostic notation of the item. The following applies to generating text form from CBOR items:

• The canonical text form of CBOR bool values SHALL be the forms identified in .
• The canonical text form of CBOR int and float values SHALL be the decimal form defined in .
• The canonical text form of CBOR tstr values SHALL be the definite-length, non-concatenated form defined in .
• The canonical text form of CBOR bstr values SHALL be the definite-length, base16 ("h" prefix), non-concatenated form defined in .
• When presenting the AMM literal type of CBOR the values SHALL be the embedded CBOR form defined in .

When translating object references into text form and code point lookup tables are available, any enumerated item SHOULD be converted to its text name. When translating object references from text form and code point lookup tables are available, any enumerated item SHOULD be converted from its text name. The conversion between AMM object-type name and enumeration requires a lookup table based on the registrations in . The conversion between name and enumeration for either namespace-id or object-id require lookup tables based on ADMs and ODMs known to the processing entity.

Interoperability Considerations DTN challenged networks might interface with better resourced networks that are managed using non-DTN management protocols. When this occurs, the federated network architecture might need to define management gateways that translate between DTN and non-DTN management approaches. Where possible, ARIs should be translatable to other, non-DTN management naming schemes. This translation might not be 1-1, as the features of the ADM may differ from features in other management naming schemes. Therefore, it is unlikely that a single naming scheme can be used for both DTN and non-DTN management.

Security Considerations Because ADM and ODM namespaces are defined by any entity, no security or permission meaning can be inferred simply from the expression of namespace.

IANA Considerations This section provides guidance to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) regarding registration of schema and namespaces related to ARIs, in accordance with BCP 26 .

URI Schemes Registry This document defines a new URI scheme "ari" in . A new entry has been added to the "URI Schemes" registry with the following parameters.

Scheme name:

ari

Status:

Permanent

Applications/protocols that use this scheme name:

The scheme is used by DTNMA Managers and Agents to identify managed objects.

Contact:

IETF Chair <chair@ietf.org>

Change controller:

IESG <iesg@ietf.org>

Reference:

of [This document].

CBOR Tags Registry This document defines a new CBOR tag TBD999999 in . A new entry has been added to the "CBOR Tags" registry with the following parameters.

Tag:

TBD999999

Data Item:

multiple

Semantics:

Used to tag a binary-form DTNMA ARI

Reference:

of [This document].

DTN Management Architecture Parameters This document defines several new sub-registries within a new "DTN Management Architecture Parameters" registry. This document defines a new sub-registry "Literal Types" within the "DTN Management Architecture Parameters" registry containing initial entries from . Enumerations in this sub-registry SHALL be non-negative integers representable as CBOR uint type with an argument shorter than 4-bytes. Names in this sub-registry SHALL be unique among all entries in this and the "Managed Object Types" sub-registry. The registration procedure for this sub-registry is Specification Required. Literal Types

Enumeration	Name	Description	Reference
255	LITERAL	A reserved type name for the union of all possible literal types.	[This document]
0	NULL	The singleton null value.	[This document]
1	BOOL	A native boolean true or false value.	[This document]
2	BYTE	An 8-bit unsigned integer.	[This document]
4	INT	A 32-bit signed integer.	[This document]
5	UINT	A 32-bit unsigned integer.	[This document]
6	VAST	A 64-bit signed integer.	[This document]
7	UVAST	A 64-bit unsigned integer.	[This document]
8	REAL32	A 32-bit floating point number.	[This document]
9	REAL64	A 64-bit floating point number.	[This document]
10	TEXTSTR	A text string composed of (unicode) characters.	[This document]
11	BYTESTR	A byte string composed of 8-bit values.	[This document]
12	TP	An absolute time point (TP).	[This document]
13	TD	A relative time difference (TD) with a sign.	[This document]
14	LABEL	A text label of a parent object parameter. This is only valid in a nested parameterized ARI.	[This document]
15	CBOR	A byte string containing an encoded CBOR item. The structure is opaque to the Agent but guaranteed well-formed for the ADM using it.	[This document]
16	ARITYPE	An integer value representing one of the code points in this Literal Types table or the Object Types table.	[This document]
17	AC	An array containing an ordered list of ARIs.	[This document]
18	AM	A map containing keys of primitive ARIs and values of ARIs.	[This document]
19	TBL	A two-dimensional table containing cells of ARIs.	[This document]
20	EXECSET	A structure containing values to be executed by an Agent.	[This document]
21	RPTSET	A structure containing reports of values sampled from an Agent.	[This document]
22 to 254,256 to 65279		Unassigned
65280 to 2147483647		Enumerations that are 2**16-2**8 and larger are reserved for private or experimental use.	[This document]

This document defines a new sub-registry "Managed Object Types" within the "DTN Management Architecture Parameters" registry containing initial entries from . Enumerations in this sub-registry SHALL be negative integers representable as CBOR nint type with an argument shorter than 4-bytes. Names in this sub-registry SHALL be unique among all entries in this and the "Literal Types" sub-registry. The registration procedure for this sub-registry is Specification Required. Managed Object Types

Enumeration	Name	Description	Reference
-256	OBJECT	A reserved type name for the union of all possible object types.	[This document]
-2	CONST	Constant	[This document]
-3	CTRL	Control	[This document]
-4	EDD	Externally Defined Data	[This document]
-6	OPER	Operator	[This document]
-8	SBR	State-Based Rule	[This document]
-10	TBR	Time-Based Rule	[This document]
-11	VAR	Variable	[This document]
-12	TYPEDEF	ADM-defined type	[This document]
-13 to -255,-257 to -65280		Unassigned
-65281 to -2147483648		Enumerations that are -1-(2**16-2**8) and larger are reserved for private or experimental use.	[This document]

This document defines a new sub-registry "Application Data Models" within the "DTN Management Architecture Parameters" registry containing initial entries from . Enumerations in this sub-registry are non-negative integers representable as CBOR uint type with an argument shorter than 8-bytes. The registration procedures for this sub-registry are indicated in . Application Data Models Registration Procedures

Enumeration Range	Registration Procedure
1 to 24	Standards Action With Expert Review
25 to 255	Private Use
256 to 4294967296	Specification Required

Application Data Models

Enumeration	Name	Reference	Notes
0		[This document]	Value zero is reserved.
1 to 24			Unassigned
25 to 255		[This document]	Enumerations with 8-bit size are reserved for Private Use
256 to 4294967296			Unassigned
4294967296 and larger		[This document]	Enumerations that are larger than 32-bit are reserved for private or experimental use.

References Normative References IANA IANA IANA Informative References

Examples The examples in this section rely on the ADM and ODM definitions in and respectively. Example ADMs

Enumeration	Name
10	adm10
20	adm20

Example ODMs

Enumeration	Name
-10	odm10

Given those namespaces, the example types are listed in and objects are listed in where the Namespace column uses the ARI text form convention. Example Objects

Namespace	Object Type	Enumeration	Name	Signature
adm10	EDD	3	num_bytes	()
adm10	CTRL	2	do_thing	(AC targets, UINT count)
adm10	CONST	1	rpt_with_param	(ARI var, TEXTSTR text)
!odm10	VAR	1	my_counter	()

Example ADM Types

Namespace	Type Name	Enumeration	Summary
adm10	distance	1	A specialization of uint with scale of 1.0 and unit of meter.

Each of the following examples illustrate the comparison of ARI forms in different situations, covering the gamut of what can be expressed by an ARI.

Primitive-Typed Literal This is the literal value 4 interpreted as a 32-bit unsigned integer. The ARI text (which is identical to its percent-encoded form) is: ari:/UINT/4 which is translated to enumerated form: ari:/5/4 and converted to CBOR item: [5, 4] and finally to the binary string of: 0x820504

Timestamp Literal This is the timestamp "2000-01-01T00:16:40Z" which is DTN Time epoch plus 1000 seconds. The ARI text (which is identical to its percent-encoded form) is: ari:/TP/20000101T001640Z which is translated to enumerated form: ari:/12/1000 and converted to CBOR item: [12, 1000] and finally to the binary string of: 0x820c1a000f4240

Semantic-Typed Literal This is the literal value 20 interpreted as a semantic type distance from adm10. The ARI text (which is identical to its percent-encoded form) is: ari:/adm10/TYPEDEF/distance(20) which is translated to enumerated form: ari:/10/-12/1(20) and converted to CBOR item: [10, -12, 1, [20]] and finally to the binary string of: 0x840a2b018114

Complex CBOR Literal This is a literal value embedding a complex CBOR structure. The CBOR diagnostic expression being encoded is <<{"test": [3, 4.5]}>> which can be directly percent encoded as ari:/CBOR/%3C%3C%7B%22test%22%3A%5B3%2C4.5%5D%7D%3E%3E The embedded item can further be CBOR-encoded to a byte string and percent-encoded, along with a translated type enumeration of: ari:/15/h%27A164746573748203F94480%27 and converted to CBOR item (note the byte string is no longer text-encoded): [15, h'A164746573748203F94480'] and finally to the binary string of: 0x820F4BA164746573748203F94480

Non-parameterized Object Reference This is a non-parameterized num_bytes object in the ADM namespace. The ARI text (which is identical to its percent-encoded form) is: ari:/adm10/edd/num_bytes which is translated to enumerated form: ari:/10/-4/3 and converted to CBOR item: [10, -4, 3] and finally to the binary string of: 0x830A2303

Parameterized Object Reference This is an parameterized do_thing object in the ADM namespace. Additionally, the parameters include two relative-path ARI References to other objects in the same ADM, which are resolved after text-decoding. The ARI text (which is identical to its percent-encoded form) is: ari:/adm10/ctrl/do_thing(/AC/(./edd/num_bytes,/!odm10/var/my_counter),3) which is translated to enumerated and resolved form: ari:/10/-3/2(/17/(/10/-4/3,/-10/-11/1),3) and converted to CBOR item: [10, -3, 2, [ 41([ [10, -4, 3], [-10, -11, 1] ]), 3 ]] and finally to the binary string of: 0x840A220282D82982830A230383292A0103

Recursive Structure with Percent Encodings This is a complex example having nested ARIs, some with percent-encoding needed. The human-friendly (but not valid URI) text for this case is: ari:/adm10/rptt/rpt_with_param("text") which is percent encoded to the real URI: ari:/adm10/rptt/rpt_with_param(%22text%22) which is translated to enumerated form: ari:/10/-7/1(%22text%22) and converted to CBOR item: [10, -7, 1, ["text"]] and finally to the binary string of: 0x840A2601816474657874