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Prahran Australia mnot@mnot.net https://www.mnot.net/

resnick@episteme.net

Internet-Draft This document defines procedures for the specification and registration of media types for use in HTTP, MIME, and other Internet protocols. About This Document Status information for this document may be found at . information can be found at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction Recent Internet protocols have been carefully designed to be easily extensible in certain areas. In particular, many protocols, including but not limited to HTTP and MIME , are capable of carrying arbitrary labeled content. The mechanism used to label such content is a media type, consisting of a top-level type and a subtype, which is further structured into trees. Optionally, media types can define companion data, known as parameters. A registration process is needed for these labels, so that the set of such values are defined in a reasonably orderly, well-specified, and public manner. This document specifies the criteria for media type registrations and defines the procedures to be used to register media types () as well as media type structured suffixes () in the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) central registry. The location of the media type registry managed by these procedures is:

• http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/

Historical Note The media type registration process was initially defined for registering media types for use in the context of the asynchronous Internet mail environment. In this mail environment, there is a need to limit the number of possible media types, to increase the likelihood of interoperability when the capabilities of the remote mail system are not known. As media types are used in new environments in which the proliferation of media types is not a hindrance to interoperability, the original procedure proved excessively restrictive and had to be generalized. This was initially done in , but the procedure defined there was still part of the MIME document set. The media type specification and registration procedure is now a separate document, to make it clear that it is independent of MIME. It may be desirable to restrict the use of media types to specific environments or to prohibit their use in other environments. This specification incorporates such restrictions into media type registrations in a systematic way. See for additional discussion.

Conventions Used in This Document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in when they appear in ALL CAPS. They may also appear in lower or mixed case as plain English words, without any normative meaning. This specification makes use of the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) notation, including the core rules defined in Appendix B of that document.

Media Type Registration Preliminaries Registration of a new media type or types starts with the construction of a registration proposal. Registration may occur within several different registration trees that have different requirements, as discussed below. In general, a new registration proposal is circulated and reviewed in a fashion appropriate to the tree involved. The media type is then registered if the proposal is acceptable. The following sections describe the requirements and procedures used for each of the different registration trees.

Registration Trees and Subtype Names In order to increase the efficiency and flexibility of the registration process, different structures of subtype names can be registered to accommodate the different natural requirements for, e.g., a subtype that will be recommended for wide support and implementation by the Internet community, or a subtype that is used to move files associated with proprietary software. The following subsections define registration "trees" that are distinguished by the use of faceted names, e.g., subtype names that begin with a "tree." prefix. Note that some media types defined prior to this document do not conform to the naming conventions described below. See for a discussion of them.

Standards Tree The standards tree is intended for types of general interest to the Internet community. Registrations in the standards tree MUST be either:

1. in the case of registrations associated with IETF specifications, approved directly by the IESG, or
2. registered by a recognized standards-related organization using the "Specification Required" IANA registration policy (which implies Expert Review).

The first procedure is used for registrations from IETF Consensus documents, or in rare cases when registering a grandfathered (see ) and/or otherwise incomplete registration is in the interest of the Internet community. The registration proposal MUST be published as an RFC. When the registration RFC is in the IETF stream, it must have IETF Consensus, which can be attained with a status of Standards Track, BCP, Informational, or Experimental. Registrations published in non-IETF RFC streams are also allowed and require IESG approval. A registration can be either in a stand-alone "registration only" RFC or incorporated into a more general specification of some sort. In the second case, the IESG makes a one-time decision on whether the registration submitter represents a recognized standards-related organization; after that, a Media Types Reviewer (Designated Expert or a group of Designated Experts) performs the Expert Review as specified in this document. Subsequent submissions from the same source do not involve the IESG. The format MUST be described by a formal standards specification produced by the submitting standards- related organization. Media types in the standards tree MUST NOT have faceted names, unless they are grandfathered in using the process described in . The "owner" of a media type registered in the standards tree is assumed to be the standards-related organization itself. Modification or alteration of the specification uses the same level of processing (e.g., a registration submitted on Standards Track can be revised in another Standards Track RFC, but cannot be revised in an Informational RFC) required for the initial registration. Standards-tree registrations from recognized standards-related organizations are submitted directly to the IANA, where they will undergo Expert Review prior to approval. In this case, the Expert Reviewer(s) will, among other things, ensure that the required specification provides adequate documentation.

Vendor Tree The vendor tree is used for media types associated with publicly available products. "Vendor" and "producer" are construed very broadly in this context and are considered equivalent. Note that industry consortia as well as non-commercial entities that do not qualify as recognized standards-related organizations can quite appropriately register media types in the vendor tree. A registration may be placed in the vendor tree by anyone who needs to interchange files associated with some product or set of products. However, the registration properly belongs to the vendor or organization producing the software that employs the type being registered, and that vendor or organization can at any time elect to assert ownership of a registration done by a third party in order to correct or update it. See for additional information. When a third party registers a type on behalf of someone else, both entities SHOULD be noted in the Change Controller field in the registration. One possible format for this would be "Foo, on behalf of Bar". Vendor-tree registrations will be distinguished by the leading facet "vnd.". That may be followed, at the discretion of the registrant, by either a media subtype name from a well-known producer (e.g., "vnd.mudpie") or by an IANA-approved designation of the producer's name that is followed by a media type or product designation (e.g., vnd.bigcompany.funnypictures). While public exposure and review of media types to be registered in the vendor tree are not required, using the media-types@iana.org mailing list for review is encouraged, to improve the quality of those specifications. Registrations in the vendor tree may be submitted directly to the IANA, where they will undergo Expert Review prior to approval.

Personal or Vanity Tree Registrations for media types created experimentally or as part of products that are not distributed commercially may be registered in the personal or vanity tree. The registrations are distinguished by the leading facet "prs.". The owner of "personal" registrations and associated specifications is the person or entity making the registration, or one to whom responsibility has been transferred as described below. While public exposure and review of media types to be registered in the personal tree are not required, using the media-types@iana.org mailing list (see ) for review is encouraged, to improve the quality of those specifications. Registrations in the personal tree may be submitted directly to the IANA, where they will undergo Expert Review prior to approval.

Unregistered x. Tree Subtype names with "x." as the first facet may be used for types intended exclusively for use in private, local environments. Types in this tree cannot be registered and are intended for use only with the active agreement of the parties exchanging them. However, with the simplified registration procedures described above for vendor and personal trees, it should rarely, if ever, be necessary to use unregistered types. Therefore, use of types in the "x." tree is strongly discouraged. Note that types with names beginning with "x-" are no longer considered to be members of this tree (see ). Also note that if a generally useful and widely deployed type incorrectly ends up with an "x-" name prefix, it MAY be registered using its current name in an alternative tree by following the procedure defined in .

Additional Registration Trees From time to time and as required by the community, new top-level registration trees may be created by IETF Standards Action. It is explicitly assumed that these trees may be created for external registration and management by well-known permanent organizations; for example, scientific societies may register media types specific to the sciences they cover. In general, the quality of review of specifications for one of these additional registration trees is expected to be equivalent to registrations in the standards tree by a recognized standards-related organization. When the IETF performs such review, it needs to consider the greater expertise of the requesting organization with respect to the subject media type.

Registration Requirements Media type registrations are all expected to conform to various requirements laid out in the following sections. Note that requirement specifics sometimes vary depending on the registration tree, again as detailed in the following sections.

Functionality Requirement Media types MUST function as actual media formats. Registration of things that are better thought of as a transfer encoding, as a charset, or as a collection of separate entities of another type, is not allowed. For example, although applications exist to decode the base64 transfer encoding , base64 cannot be registered as a media type. This requirement applies regardless of the registration tree involved.

Naming Requirements All registered media types MUST be assigned top-level type and subtype names. The combination of these names serves to uniquely identify the media type, and the subtype name facet (or the absence of one) identifies the registration tree. Both top-level type and subtype names are case-insensitive. Type and subtype names MUST conform to the following ABNF: Note that this syntax is somewhat more restrictive than what is allowed by the ABNF in or . Also note that while this syntax allows names of up to 127 characters, implementation limits may make such long names problematic. For this reason, 'type-name' and 'subtype-name' SHOULD be limited to 64 characters. Although the name syntax treats "." as equivalent to any other character, characters before any initial "." always specify the registration facet. Note that this means that facet-less standards- tree registrations cannot use periods in the subtype name. Similarly, the final "+" in a subtype name introduces a structured syntax specifier suffix. Structured syntax suffix requirements are specified in . While it is possible for a given media type to be assigned additional names, the use of different names to identify the same media type is discouraged. These requirements apply regardless of the registration tree involved. The choice of top-level type MUST take into account the nature of media type involved. New subtypes of top-level types MUST conform to the restrictions of the top-level type, if any. The following sections describe each of the initial set of top-level types and their associated restrictions. Additionally, various protocols, including but not limited to HTTP and MIME, MAY impose additional restrictions on the media types they can transport. (See for additional information on the restrictions MIME imposes.)

Text Media Types The "text" top-level type is intended for sending material that is principally textual in form. Many subtypes of text, notably including the subtype "text/plain", which is a generic subtype for plain text defined in , define a "charset" parameter. If a "charset" parameter is defined for a particular subtype of text, it MUST be used to specify a charset name defined in accordance to the procedures laid out in . As specified in , a "charset" parameter SHOULD NOT be specified when charset information is transported inside the payload (e.g., as in "text/xml"). If a "charset" parameter is specified, it SHOULD be a required parameter, eliminating the options of specifying a default value. If there is a strong reason for the parameter to be optional despite this advice, each subtype MAY specify its own default value, or alternatively, it MAY specify that there is no default value. Finally, the "UTF-8" charset SHOULD be selected as the default. See for additional information on the use of "charset" parameters in conjunction with subtypes of text. Regardless of what approach is chosen, all new text/* registrations MUST clearly specify how the charset is determined; relying on the US-ASCII default defined in is no longer permitted. If explanatory text is needed, this SHOULD be placed in the additional information section of the registration. Plain text does not provide for or allow formatting commands, font attribute specifications, processing instructions, interpretation directives, or content markup. Plain text is seen simply as a linear sequence of characters, possibly interrupted by line breaks or page breaks. Plain text MAY allow the stacking of several characters in the same position in the text. Plain text in scripts like Arabic and Hebrew may also include facilities that allow the arbitrary mixing of text segments with different writing directions. Beyond plain text, there are many formats for representing what might be known as "rich text". An interesting characteristic of many such representations is that they are to some extent readable even without the software that interprets them. It is useful to distinguish them, at the highest level, from such unreadable data as images, audio, or text represented in an unreadable form. In the absence of appropriate interpretation software, it is reasonable to present subtypes of "text" to the user, while it is not reasonable to do so with most non-textual data. Such formatted textual data can be represented using subtypes of "text".

Image Media Types A top-level type of "image" indicates that the content specifies one or more individual images. The subtype names the specific image format.

Audio Media Types A top-level type of "audio" indicates that the content contains audio data. The subtype names the specific audio format.

Video Media Types A top-level type of "video" indicates that the content specifies a time-varying-picture image, possibly with color and coordinated sound. The term 'video' is used in its most generic sense, rather than with reference to any particular technology or format, and is not meant to preclude subtypes such as animated drawings encoded compactly. Note that although in general the mixing of multiple kinds of media in a single body is discouraged , it is recognized that many video formats include a representation for synchronized audio and/or text, and this is explicitly permitted for subtypes of "video".

Application Media Types The "application" top-level type is to be used for discrete data that do not fit under any of the other type names, and particularly for data to be processed by some type of application program. This is information that must be processed by an application before it is viewable or usable by a user. Expected uses for the "application" type name include but are not limited to file transfer, spreadsheets, presentations, scheduling data, and languages for "active" (computational) material. (The last, in particular, can pose security problems that must be understood by implementors. The "application/postscript" media type registration in provides a good example of how to handle these issues.) For example, a meeting scheduler might define a standard representation for information about proposed meeting dates. An intelligent user agent would use this information to conduct a dialog with the user, and might then send additional material based on that dialog. More generally, there have been several "active" languages developed in which programs in a suitably specialized language are transported to a remote location and automatically run in the recipient's environment. Such applications may be defined as subtypes of the "application" top-level type. The subtype of "application" will often either be the name or include part of the name of the application for which the data are intended. This does not mean, however, that any application program name may simply be used freely as a subtype of "application"; the subtype needs to be registered.

Multipart and Message Media Types Multipart and message are composite types; that is, they provide a means of encapsulating zero or more objects, each one a separate media type. All subtypes of multipart and message MUST conform to the syntax rules and other requirements specified in and amended by .

Additional Top-Level Types In some cases, a new media type may not "fit" under any currently defined top-level type names. Such cases are expected to be quite rare. However, if such a case does arise, a new type name can be defined to accommodate it. Definition of a new top-level type name MUST be done via a Standards Track RFC; no other mechanism can be used to define additional type names.

Structured Syntax Name Suffixes XML in MIME defined the first such augmentation to the media type definition to additionally specify the underlying structure of that media type. To quote:

• This document also standardizes a convention (using the suffix '+xml') for naming media types ... when those media types represent XML MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) entities.

That is, it specified a suffix (in that case, "+xml") to be appended to the base subtype name. Since this was published, the de facto practice has arisen for using this suffix convention for other well-known structuring syntaxes. In particular, media types have been registered with suffixes such as "+der", "+fastinfoset", and "+json". This specification formalizes this practice and sets up a registry for structured type name suffixes. The primary guideline for whether a structured type name suffix is registrable is that it be described by a readily available description, preferably within a document published by an established standards-related organization, and for which there's a reference that can be used in a Normative References section of an RFC. Media types that make use of a named structured syntax SHOULD use the appropriate registered "+suffix" for that structured syntax when they are registered. By the same token, media types MUST NOT be given names incorporating suffixes for structured syntaxes they do not actually employ. "+suffix" constructs for as-yet unregistered structured syntaxes SHOULD NOT be used, given the possibility of conflicts with future suffix definitions.

Deprecated Aliases In some cases, a single media type may have been widely deployed prior to registration under multiple names. In such cases, a preferred name MUST be chosen for the media type, and applications MUST use this to be compliant with the type's registration. However, a list of deprecated aliases by which the type is known MAY be supplied as additional information in order to assist applications in processing the media type properly.

Parameter Requirements Media types MAY elect to use one or more media type parameters, or some parameters may be automatically made available to the media type by virtue of being a subtype of a content type that defines a set of parameters applicable to any of its subtypes. In either case, the names, values, and meanings of any parameters MUST be fully specified when a media type is registered in the standards tree, and SHOULD be specified as completely as possible when media types are registered in the vendor or personal trees. Parameter names have the syntax as media type names and values: Note that this syntax is somewhat more restrictive than what is allowed by the ABNF in and amended by . Parameter names are case-insensitive and no meaning is attached to the order in which they appear. It is an error for a specific parameter to be specified more than once. There is no defined syntax for parameter values. Therefore, registrations MUST specify parameter value syntax. Additionally, some transports impose restrictions on parameter value syntax, so care needs be taken to limit the use of potentially problematic syntaxes; e.g., pure binary valued parameters, while permitted in some protocols, are best avoided. Note that a protocol can impose further restrictions on parameter value syntax, depending on how it chooses to represent parameters. Both MIME and HTTP allow binary parameters as well as parameter values expressed in a specific charset, but other protocols may be less flexible. New parameters SHOULD NOT be defined as a way to introduce new functionality in types registered in the standards tree, although new parameters MAY be added to convey additional information that does not otherwise change existing functionality. An example of this would be a "revision" parameter to indicate a revision level of an external specification such as JPEG. Similar behavior is encouraged for media types registered in the vendor or personal trees, but is not required. Changes to parameters (including the introduction of new ones) is managed in the same manner as other changes to the media type; see .

Canonicalization and Format Requirements All registered media types MUST employ a single, canonical data format, regardless of registration tree. A permanent and readily available public specification of the format for the media type MUST exist for all types registered in the standards tree. This specification MUST provide sufficient detail so that interoperability between independent implementations using the media type is possible. This specification MUST at a minimum be referenced by, if it is not actually included in, the media type registration proposal itself. The specifications of format and processing particulars may or may not be publicly available for media types registered in the vendor and personal trees. Such registrations are explicitly permitted to limit the information in the registration to which software and version produce or process such media types. As such, references to or inclusion of format specifications in registrations is encouraged but not required. Note, however, that the public availability of a meaningful specification will often make the difference between simply having a name reserved so that there are no conflicts with other uses and having the potential for other implementations of the media type and useful interoperation with them. Some media types involve the use of patented technology. The registration of media types involving patented technology is specifically permitted. However, the restrictions set forth in BCP 79 and BCP 78 on the use of patented technology in IETF Standards Track protocols must be respected when the specification of a media type is part of a Standards Track protocol. In addition, other standards-related organizations making use of the standards tree may have their own rules regarding intellectual property that must be observed in their registrations. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) disclosures for registrations in the vendor and personal trees are encouraged but not required.

Interchange Recommendations Ideally, media types will be defined so they interoperate across as many systems and applications as possible. However, some media types will inevitably have problems interoperating across different platforms. Problems with different versions, byte ordering, and specifics of gateway handling can and will arise. Universal interoperability of media types is not required, but known interoperability issues SHOULD be identified whenever possible. Publication of a media type does not require an exhaustive review of interoperability, and the interoperability considerations section is subject to continuing evaluation. The recommendations in this subsection apply regardless of the registration tree involved.

Security Requirements An analysis of security issues MUST be done for all types registered in the standards tree. A similar analysis for media types registered in the vendor or personal trees is encouraged but not required. However, regardless of what security analysis has or has not been done, all descriptions of security issues MUST be as accurate as possible regardless of registration tree. In particular, the security considerations MUST NOT state that there are "no security issues associated with this type". Security considerations for types in the vendor or personal tree MAY say that "the security issues associated with this type have not been assessed". There is absolutely no requirement that media types registered in any tree be secure or completely free from risks. Nevertheless, all known security risks MUST be identified in the registration of a media type, again regardless of registration tree. The security considerations section of all registrations is subject to continuing evaluation and modification, and in particular MAY be extended by use of the "comments on media types" mechanism described in below. Some of the issues that need to be examined and described in a security analysis of a media type are:

• Complex media types may include provisions for directives that institute actions on a recipient's files or other resources. In many cases, provision is made for originators to specify arbitrary actions in an unrestricted fashion that may then have devastating effects. See the registration of the application/postscript media type in for an example of such directives and how they can be described in a media type registration.
• Any security analysis MUST state whether or not they employ such "active content"; if they do, they MUST state what steps have been taken, or MUST be taken by applications of the media type, to protect users of the media type from harm.
• Complex media types may include provisions for directives that institute actions that, while not directly harmful to the recipient, may result in disclosure of information that either facilitates a subsequent attack or else violates a recipient's privacy in some way. Again, the registration of the application/ postscript media type illustrates how such directives can be handled.
• A media type that employs compression may provide an opportunity for sending a small amount of data that, when received and evaluated, expands enormously to consume all of the recipient's resources. All media types SHOULD state whether or not they employ compression; if they do, they SHOULD discuss what steps need to be taken to avoid such attacks.
• A media type might be targeted for applications that require some sort of security assurance but don't provide the necessary security mechanisms themselves. For example, a media type could be defined for storage of sensitive medical information that in turn requires external confidentiality and integrity protection services, or which is designed for use only within a secure environment. Types SHOULD always document whether or not they need such services in their security considerations.

Requirements Specific to XML Media Types There are a number of additional requirements specific to the registration of XML media types. These requirements are specified in .

Encoding Requirements Some transports impose restrictions on the type of data they can carry. For example, Internet mail traditionally was limited to 7bit US-ASCII text. Encoding schemes are often used to work around such transport limitations. It is therefore useful to note what sort of data a media type can consist of as part of its registration. An "encoding considerations" field is provided for this purpose. Possible values of this field are:

7bit:

The content of the media type consists solely of CRLF- delimited 7bit US-ASCII text.

8bit:

The content of the media type consists solely of CRLF- delimited 8bit text.

binary:

The content consists of an unrestricted sequence of octets.

framed:

The content consists of a series of frames or packets without internal framing or alignment indicators. Additional out- of-band information is needed to interpret the data properly, including but not necessarily limited to knowledge of the boundaries between successive frames and knowledge of the transport mechanism. Note that media types of this sort cannot simply be stored in a file or transported as a simple stream of octets; therefore, such media types are unsuitable for use in many traditional protocols. A commonly used transport with framed encoding is the Real-time Transport Protocol, RTP. Additional rules for framed encodings defined for transport using RTP are given in .

Additional restrictions on 7bit and 8bit text are given in .

Usage and Implementation Non-Requirements In the asynchronous mail environment, where information on the capabilities of the remote mail agent is frequently not available to the sender, maximum interoperability is attained by restricting the media types used to those "common" formats expected to be widely implemented. This was asserted in the past as a reason to limit the number of possible media types, and resulted in a registration process with a significant hurdle and delay for those registering media types. However, the need for "common" media types does not require limiting the registration of new media types. If a limited set of media types is recommended for a particular application, that should be asserted by a separate applicability statement specific for the application and/or environment. Therefore, universal support and implementation of a media type are NOT a requirement for registration. However, if a media type is explicitly intended for limited use, this MUST be noted in its registration. The "Restrictions on Usage" field is provided for this purpose.

Publication Requirements Media types registered in the standards tree by the IETF itself MUST be published as RFCs. RFC publication of vendor and personal media type registrations is allowed but not required. In all cases, the IANA will retain copies of all media type registrations and "publish" them as part of the media types registration tree itself. As stated previously, standards-tree registrations for media types defined in documents produced by other standards-related organizations MUST be described by a formal standards specification produced by that organization. Additionally, any copyright on the registration template MUST allow the IANA to copy it into the IANA registry. Other than IETF registrations in the standards tree, the registration of a media type does not imply endorsement, approval, or recommendation by the IANA or the IETF or even certification that the specification is adequate. To become an IETF standard, a protocol or data object must go through the IETF standards process. While it provides additional assurances when it is appropriate, this is too difficult and too lengthy a process for the convenient registration of media types. The standards tree exists for media types that do require a substantive review and approval process in a recognized standards- related organization. The vendor and personal trees exist for those media types that do not require such a process. It is expected that applicability statements for particular applications will be published from time to time in the IETF, recommending implementation of, and support for, media types that have proven particularly useful in those contexts. As discussed above, registration of a top-level type requires Standards Action in the IETF and, hence, the publication of a RFC on the Standards Track.

Fragment Identifier Requirements Media type registrations can specify how applications should interpret fragment identifiers (specified in ) associated with the media type. Media types are encouraged to adopt fragment identifier schemes that are used with semantically similar media types. In particular, media types that use a named structured syntax with a registered "+suffix" MUST follow whatever fragment identifier rules are given in the structured syntax suffix registration.

Additional Information Various sorts of optional information SHOULD be included in the specification of a media type if it is available:

• Magic number(s) (length, octet values). Magic numbers are byte sequences that are always present at a given place in the file and thus can be used to identify entities as being of a given media type.
• File name extension(s) commonly used on one or more platforms to indicate that some file contains a given media type.
• Mac OS File Type code(s) (4 octets) used to label files containing a given media type. Some discussion of Macintosh file type codes and their purpose can be found in .

In the case of a registration in the standards tree, this additional information MAY be provided in the formal specification of the media type format. It is suggested that this be done by incorporating the IANA media type registration form into the format specification itself.

Media Type Registration Procedures The media type registration procedure is not a formal standards process, but rather an administrative procedure intended to allow community comment and sanity checking without excessive time delay. Normal IETF processes need to be followed for all IETF registrations in the standards tree. The posting of an Internet Draft is a necessary first step, followed by posting to the media-types@iana.org list as discussed below.

Preliminary Community Review Notice of a potential media type registration in the standards tree SHOULD be sent to the media-types@iana.org mailing list for review. This mailing list has been established for the purpose of reviewing proposed media and access types. Registrations in other trees MAY be sent to the list for review as well; doing so is entirely OPTIONAL, but is strongly encouraged. The intent of the public posting to this list is to solicit comments and feedback on the choice of type/subtype name, the unambiguity of the references with respect to versions and external profiling information, and a review of any interoperability or security considerations. The submitter may submit a revised registration proposal or abandon the registration completely and at any time.

Submit Request to IANA Media types registered in the standards tree by the IETF itself MUST be reviewed and approved by the IESG as part of the normal standards process. Standards-tree registrations by recognized standards- related organizations as well as registrations in the vendor and personal trees are submitted directly to the IANA, unless other arrangements were made as part of a liaison agreement. In either case, posting the registration to the media-types@iana.org list for review prior to submission is strongly encouraged. Registration requests can be sent to iana@iana.org. A web form for registration requests is also available:

• http://www.iana.org/form/media-types

Provisional Registrations Standardization processes often take considerable time to complete. In order to facilitate prototyping and testing, it is often helpful to assign identifiers, including but not limited to media types, early in the process. This way, identifiers used during standards development can remain unchanged once the process is complete, and implementations and documentation do not have to be updated. Accordingly, a provisional registration process is provided to support early assignment of media type names in the standards tree. A provisional registration MAY be submitted to IANA for standards- tree types. The only required fields in such registrations are the media type name and contact information (including the standards- related organization name). Upon receipt of a provisional registration, IANA will check the name and contact information, then publish the registration in a distinct publicly visible provisional registration list. Provisional registrations MAY be updated or abandoned at any time. When the registration is abandoned, the media type is no longer registered in any sense; it can subsequently be registered just like any other unassigned media type name.

Review and Approval With the exception of provisional standards-tree registrations, registrations submitted to the IANA will be passed on to the media types reviewer. The media types reviewer, who is appointed by the IETF Applications Area Director(s), will review the registration to make sure it meets the requirements set forth in this document. Registrations that do not meet these requirements will be returned to the submitter for revision. Decisions made by the media types reviewer may be appealed to the IESG using the procedure specified in . Once a media type registration has passed review, the IANA will register the media type and make the media type registration available to the community. In the case of standards-tree registrations from other standards- related organizations, IANA will also check that the submitter is in fact a recognized standards-related organization. If the submitter is not currently recognized as such, the IESG will be asked to confirm their status. Recognition from the IESG MUST be obtained before a standards-tree registration can proceed.

Comments on Media Type Registrations Comments on registered media types may be submitted by members of the community to the IANA at iana@iana.org. These comments will be reviewed by the media types reviewer and then passed on to the "owner" of the media type if possible. Submitters of comments may request that their comment be attached to the media type registration itself; if the IANA, in consultation with the media types reviewer, approves, the comment will be made accessible in conjunction with the type registration.

Change Procedures Once a media type has been published by the IANA, the owner may request a change to its definition. The descriptions of the different registration trees above designate the "owners" of each type of registration. The same procedure that would be appropriate for the original registration request is used to process a change request. Media type registrations may not be deleted; media types that are no longer believed appropriate for use can be declared OBSOLETE by a change to their "intended use" field; such media types will be clearly marked in the lists published by the IANA. Significant changes to a media type's definition should be requested only when there are serious omissions or errors in the published specification. When review is required, a change request may be denied if it renders entities that were valid under the previous definition invalid under the new definition. The owner of a media type may pass responsibility to another person or agency by informing the IANA; this can be done without discussion or review. The IESG may reassign responsibility for a media type. The most common case of this will be to enable changes to be made to types where the author of the registration has died, moved out of contact, or is otherwise unable to make changes that are important to the community.

Registration Template

Type name:

Subtype name:

Required parameters:

Optional parameters:

Encoding considerations:

Security considerations:

Interoperability considerations:

Published specification:

Applications that use this media type:

Fragment identifier considerations:

Additional information:

Deprecated alias names for this type: Magic number(s): File extension(s): Macintosh file type code(s):

Person & email address to contact for further information:

Intended usage:

(One of COMMON, LIMITED USE, or OBSOLETE.)

Restrictions on usage:

(Any restrictions on where the media type can be used go here.)

Author:

Change controller:

Provisional registration? (standards tree only):

Yes/No

(Any other information that the author deems interesting may be added below this line.) "N/A", written exactly that way, can be used in any field if desired to emphasize the fact that it does not apply or that the question was not omitted by accident. Do not use 'none' or other words that could be mistaken for a response. Limited-use media types should also note in the applications list whether or not that list is exhaustive.

Structured Syntax Suffix Registration Procedures Someone wishing to define a "+suffix" name for a structured syntax for use with a new media type registration SHOULD:

1. Check IANA's registry of media type name suffixes to see whether or not there is already an entry for that well-defined structured syntax.
2. If there is no entry for their suffix scheme, fill out the template (specified in ) and include that with the media type registration. The template may be contained in an Internet Draft, alone or as part of some other protocol specification. The template may also be submitted in some other form (as part of another document or as a stand-alone document), but the contents will be treated as an "IETF Contribution" under the guidelines of BCP 78 .
3. Send a copy of the template or a pointer to the containing document (with specific reference to the section with the template) to the mailing list media-types@iana.org, requesting review. This may be combined with a request to review the media type registration. Allow a reasonable time for discussion and comments.
4. Respond to review comments and make revisions to the proposed registration as needed to bring it into line with the guidelines given in this document.
5. Submit the (possibly updated) registration template (or pointer to the document containing it) to IANA at iana@iana.org.

Upon receipt of a structured syntax suffix registration request,

1. IANA checks the submission for completeness; if sections are missing or citations are not correct, IANA rejects the registration request.
2. IANA checks the current registry for an entry with the same name; if such a registry exists, IANA rejects the registration request.
3. IANA requests Expert Review of the registration request against the corresponding guidelines.
4. The Designated Expert may request additional review or discussion, as necessary.
5. If Expert Review recommends registration, IANA adds the registration to the appropriate registry.

The initial registry content specification provides examples of structured syntax suffix registrations.

Change Procedures Registrations may be updated in each registry by the same mechanism as required for an initial registration. In cases where the original definition of the scheme is contained in an IESG-approved document, update of the specification also requires IESG approval.

Structured Syntax Suffix Registration Template This template describes the fields that must be supplied in a structured syntax suffix registration request:

Name

Full name of the well-defined structured syntax.

+suffix

Suffix used to indicate conformance to the syntax.

References

Include full citations for all specifications necessary to understand the structured syntax.

Encoding considerations

General guidance regarding encoding considerations for any type employing this syntax should be given here. The same requirements for media type encoding considerations given in apply here.

Interoperability considerations

Any issues regarding the interoperable use of types employing this structured syntax should be given here. Examples would include the existence of incompatible versions of the syntax, issues combining certain charsets with the syntax, or incompatibilities with other types or protocols.

Fragment identifier considerations

Generic processing of fragment identifiers for any type employing this syntax should be described here.

Security considerations

Security considerations shared by media types employing this structured syntax must be specified here. The same requirements for media type security considerations given in apply here, with the exception that the option of not assessing the security considerations is not available for suffix registrations.

Contact

Person (including contact information) to contact for further information.

Author/Change controller.

Person (including contact information) authorized to change this suffix registration.

Security Considerations Security requirements for both media type and media type suffix registrations are discussed in .

IANA Considerations The purpose of this document is to define IANA registries for media types and structured syntax suffixes as well as the procedures for managing these registries. Additionally, this document requires IANA to maintain a list of standards-related organizations for which the IESG has approved media type registrations in the standards tree. The existing media type registry has been extended to include a section for provisional registrations. Only standards-tree registrations are allowed in the standards tree and only at the request of an organization on the IANA list of standards-related organizations. See for additional information on provisional registrations. IANA has also added the following note at the top of the provisional registry:

• This registry, unlike some other provisional IANA registries, is only for temporary use. Entries in this registry are either finalized and moved to the main media types registry, or are abandoned and deleted. Entries in this registry are suitable for use for development and test purposes only.

The structured syntax name suffix registry has been created as follows:

• The name is the "Structured Syntax Suffix" registry.
• The registration process is specified in .
• The information required for a registry entry as well as the entry format are specified in .
• The initial content of the registry is specified in .

Entries in both the media type and structured suffix registries will be annotated by IANA with both the original registration date as well as the date of the most recent update to the entry. Registrations made prior to the implementation of this specification may, if necessary, be marked as such, rather than with a specific date. Since registration entries can be updated multiple times, IANA will also maintain the history of changes to each registration in such a way that the state of the registration at any given time can be determined. Finally, per this document, IANA has created a new email address, media-types@iana.org, for the media type review list, which replaces the ietf-types@iana.org address specified in RFC 4288. ietf-types@iana.org has been retained as an alias.

Acknowledgments The current authors would like to acknowledge their debt to the late Dr. Jon Postel, whose general model of IANA registration procedures and specific contributions shaped the predecessors of this document . We hope that the current version is one with which he would have agreed but, as it is impossible to verify that agreement, we have regretfully removed his name as a co-author. Randy Bush, Francis Dupont, Bjoern Hoehrmann, Barry Leiba, Murray Kucherawy, Alexey Melnikov, S. Moonesamy, Mark Nottingham, Tom Petch, Peter Saint-Andre, and Jeni Tennison provided many helpful review comments and suggestions.

References Normative References This initial document specifies the various headers used to describe the structure of MIME messages. [STANDARDS-TRACK] In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Internet technical specifications often need to define a formal syntax. Over the years, a modified version of Backus-Naur Form (BNF), called Augmented BNF (ABNF), has been popular among many Internet specifications. The current specification documents ABNF. It balances compactness and simplicity with reasonable representational power. The differences between standard BNF and ABNF involve naming rules, repetition, alternatives, order-independence, and value ranges. This specification also supplies additional rule definitions and encoding for a core lexical analyzer of the type common to several Internet specifications. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Many protocols make use of identifiers consisting of constants and other well-known values. Even after a protocol has been defined and deployment has begun, new values may need to be assigned (e.g., for a new option type in DHCP, or a new encryption or authentication transform for IPsec). To ensure that such quantities have consistent values and interpretations across all implementations, their assignment must be administered by a central authority. For IETF protocols, that role is provided by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). In order for IANA to manage a given namespace prudently, it needs guidelines describing the conditions under which new values can be assigned or when modifications to existing values can be made. If IANA is expected to play a role in the management of a namespace, IANA must be given clear and concise instructions describing that role. This document discusses issues that should be considered in formulating a policy for assigning values to a namespace and provides guidelines for authors on the specific text that must be included in documents that place demands on IANA. This document obsoletes RFC 2434. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. This second document defines the general structure of the MIME media typing system and defines an initial set of media types. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) and various other Internet protocols are capable of using many different charsets. This in turn means that the ability to label different charsets is essential. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. This document changes RFC 2046 rules regarding default "charset" parameter values for "text/*" media types to better align with common usage by existing clients and servers. [STANDARDS-TRACK] ISO/IEC 10646-1 defines a large character set called the Universal Character Set (UCS) which encompasses most of the world's writing systems. The originally proposed encodings of the UCS, however, were not compatible with many current applications and protocols, and this has led to the development of UTF-8, the object of this memo. UTF-8 has the characteristic of preserving the full US-ASCII range, providing compatibility with file systems, parsers and other software that rely on US-ASCII values but are transparent to other values. This memo obsoletes and replaces RFC 2279. Internet mail was originally limited to 7-bit ASCII. MIME added support for the use of 8-bit character sets in body parts, and also defined an encoded-word construct so other character sets could be used in certain header field values. However, full internationalization of electronic mail requires additional enhancements to allow the use of Unicode, including characters outside the ASCII repertoire, in mail addresses as well as direct use of Unicode in header fields like "From:", "To:", and "Subject:", without requiring the use of complex encoded-word constructs. This document specifies an enhancement to the Internet Message Format and to MIME that allows use of Unicode in mail addresses and most header field content. This specification updates Section 6.4 of RFC 2045 to eliminate the restriction prohibiting the use of non-identity content-transfer- encodings on subtypes of "message/". [STANDARDS-TRACK] This document standardizes five new media types -- text/xml, application/xml, text/xml-external-parsed-entity, application/xml- external-parsed-entity, and application/xml-dtd -- for use in exchanging network entities that are related to the Extensible Markup Language (XML). This document also standardizes a convention (using the suffix '+xml') for naming media types outside of these five types when those media types represent XML MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) entities. [STANDARDS-TRACK] The IETF policies about Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), such as patent rights, relative to technologies developed in the IETF are designed to ensure that IETF working groups and participants have as much information about any IPR constraints on a technical proposal as possible. The policies are also intended to benefit the Internet community and the public at large, while respecting the legitimate rights of IPR holders. This memo details the IETF policies concerning IPR related to technology worked on within the IETF. It also describes the objectives that the policies are designed to meet. This memo updates RFC 2026 and, with RFC 3978, replaces Section 10 of RFC 2026. This memo also updates paragraph 4 of Section 3.2 of RFC 2028, for all purposes, including reference [2] in RFC 2418. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. The IETF policies about rights in Contributions to the IETF are designed to ensure that such Contributions can be made available to the IETF and Internet communities while permitting the authors to retain as many rights as possible. This memo details the IETF policies on rights in Contributions to the IETF. It also describes the objectives that the policies are designed to meet. This memo obsoletes RFCs 3978 and 4748 and, with BCP 79 and RFC 5377, replaces Section 10 of RFC 2026. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. This document specifies the procedure to register RTP payload formats as audio, video, or other media subtype names. This is useful in a text-based format description or control protocol to identify the type of an RTP transmission. [STANDARDS-TRACK] A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. This specification defines the generic URI syntax and a process for resolving URI references that might be in relative form, along with guidelines and security considerations for the use of URIs on the Internet. The URI syntax defines a grammar that is a superset of all valid URIs, allowing an implementation to parse the common components of a URI reference without knowing the scheme-specific requirements of every possible identifier. This specification does not define a generative grammar for URIs; that task is performed by the individual specifications of each URI scheme. [STANDARDS-TRACK] A content media type name sometimes includes partitioned meta- information distinguished by a structured syntax to permit noting an attribute of the media as a suffix to the name. This document defines several structured syntax suffixes for use with media type registrations. In particular, it defines and registers the "+json", "+ber", "+der", "+fastinfoset", "+wbxml" and "+zip" structured syntax suffixes, and provides a media type structured syntax suffix registration form for the "+xml" structured syntax suffix. This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. Informative References Apple Computer, Inc. Apple Knowledge Base Article 55381 HTTP has been in use by the World-Wide Web global information initiative since 1990. This specification defines the protocol referred to as "HTTP/1.1", and is an update to RFC 2068. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This set of documents, collectively called the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, or MIME, redefines the format of messages. This fourth document, RFC 2048, specifies various IANA registration procedures for some MIME facilities. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Historically, designers and implementers of application protocols have often distinguished between standardized and unstandardized parameters by prefixing the names of unstandardized parameters with the string "X-" or similar constructs. In practice, that convention causes more problems than it solves. Therefore, this document deprecates the convention for newly defined parameters with textual (as opposed to numerical) names in application protocols. This memo documents an Internet Best Current Practice. This document defines procedures for the specification and registration of media types for use in MIME and other Internet protocols. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. This memo defines extensions to the RFC 2045 media type and RFC 2183 disposition parameter value mechanisms. This memo also defines an extension to the encoded words defined in RFC 2047 to allow the specification of the language to be used for display as well as the character set. [STANDARDS-TRACK] By default, message header field parameters in Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) messages cannot carry characters outside the ISO- 8859-1 character set. RFC 2231 defines an encoding mechanism for use in Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) headers. This document specifies an encoding suitable for use in HTTP header fields that is compatible with a profile of the encoding defined in RFC 2231. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This memo documents the process used by the Internet community for the standardization of protocols and procedures. It defines the stages in the standardization process, the requirements for moving a document between stages and the types of documents used during this process. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.

Grandfathered Media Types A number of media types with unfaceted subtype names, registered prior to 1996, would, if registered under the guidelines in this document, be given a faceted name and placed into either the vendor or personal trees. Reregistration of those types to reflect the appropriate trees is encouraged but not required. Ownership and change control principles outlined in this document apply to those types as if they had been registered in the trees described above. From time to time there may also be cases where a media type with an unfaceted subtype name has been widely deployed without being registered. (Note that this includes subtype names beginning with the "x-" prefix.) If possible, such a media type SHOULD be reregistered with a proper faceted subtype name, possibly using a deprecated alias to identify the original name (see ). However, if this is not possible, the type can, subject to approval by both the media types reviewer and the IESG, be registered in the proper tree with its unfaceted name.